Operator
女士们、先生们,感谢各位的耐心等待,欢迎参加知乎公司2023年第四季度及全年财务业绩电话会议。目前所有参会者均处于只听模式。演讲嘉宾发言结束后,将进行问答环节。今天的会议正在录音。现在,我将会议转交给投资者关系总监刘雅兰女士。请开始,女士。
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Zhihu Inc. Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Financial Results Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a Q&A session. Today's conference is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Yolanda Liu, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, ma'am.
Yolanda Liu
谢谢主持人。大家好,欢迎参加我们2023年第四季度及全年财务业绩电话会议。今天参会的包括我们的创始人、董事长兼首席执行官周源先生,以及我们的首席财务官王晗先生。在继续之前,请注意今天的讨论将包含根据美国《1995年私人证券诉讼改革法案》安全港条款所作的前瞻性陈述。前瞻性陈述涉及固有风险和不确定性。因此,实际结果可能与今天表达的观点存在重大差异。有关这些及其他风险和不确定性的进一步信息,请参阅我们向美国证券交易委员会和香港联合交易所提交的公开文件。除适用法律要求外,公司不承担更新任何前瞻性陈述的义务。在今天的电话会议中,管理层还将讨论某些非公认会计准则财务指标,仅用于比较目的。有关非公认会计准则财务指标的定义以及公认会计准则与非公认会计准则财务业绩的调节表,请参阅今天早些时候发布的业绩公告。此外,本次电话会议的网播回放将在我们的投资者关系网站ir.zhihu.com上提供。现在我将电话转交给知乎首席财务官王晗先生。王晗,请开始。
Yolanda Liu
Thank you, operator. Hello, everyone. Welcome to our fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results conference call. Participants on today's call include Mr. Zhou Yuan, our Founder, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Wang Han, our Chief Financial Officer. Before we continue, please note that today's discussion will contain forward-looking statements made under the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities and Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. As such, other results may be materially different from the views expressed today. Further information regarding these and other risks and uncertainties is included in our public filings filed with the U.S. SEC and Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The company does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required under applicable law. During today's call, management will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures for comparison purposes only. For a definition of non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial results, please see the earnings release issued earlier today. In addition, a webcast replay of this conference call will be available on our IR website at ir.zhihu.com. I will now turn this call over to Mr. Wang Han, CFO of Zhihu. Han please go ahead.
Wang Han
谢谢,Yolanda。大家好。感谢参加知乎2023年第四季度及全年业绩电话会议。我很荣幸代表知乎创始人、董事长兼CEO周源先生致开场辞。2023年,我们面临着一系列挑战与机遇。尽管宏观环境多变、行业竞争激烈,我们在第四季度及全年在商业化与效率提升方面均取得了实质性进展。此外,我们在改善盈利底线方面取得了显著进步,同时积极探索并投资AI技术。2023年,我们的首要重点是激励内容创作者,通过多种激励计划,平台累计内容创作者同比增长13%,至2023年底达到7130万。累计内容量增至7.747亿条,同比增长19.3%。此外,全年平均月活跃用户同比增长4%。全年商业化进展保持强劲,全年营收同比增长16.5%至41.99亿元人民币,运营效率提升带动2023年整体毛利率同比改善超过4个百分点至54.7%。此外,2023年运营亏损率同比大幅收窄19个百分点,调整后净亏损同比减少44.9%。第四季度,我们在用户增长、资源配置和运营效率提升方面的投入开始见效。随着高质量内容在社区持续涌现,我们主动优化用户增长策略,显著降低了新用户获取成本。我们的重点转向通过提升高活跃核心用户的参与度和留存率,推动高效、可持续的有机用户增长。我们继续通过多元化增长动力巩固商业化模式的韧性。2023年第四季度总营收达11亿元人民币,主要由付费会员和职业教育业务的强劲增长驱动。我们不断提升的品牌影响力和扩大的课程产品增强了竞争力,将收入增长延伸至知乎社区之外。这两大业务板块在2023年第四季度实现了28.3%的强劲同比增长。提升成本控制效果和运营效率仍是第四季度的关键战略重点。我们继续审慎投资AI等前沿技术,同时优化固定成本结构。这些举措使第四季度毛利率扩大至59.1%。我们还实现了调整后净亏损同比大幅减少31.9%,达到自美国IPO以来最窄的季度水平。进入2024年,我们将进一步优化财务表现,同时提升知乎社区的可信度。我们相信,在AI生成内容领域,用户将越来越重视专业、深入、真实的内容以及真实用户的讨论与反馈。通过营造信任环境,我们可以激发用户互动,激励内容创作者的热情与创造力,最终推动社区有机增长。同时,我们也相信审慎应用AI大语言模型可以改善用户体验,加强内容创作者的反馈机制,提升社区氛围和运营效率。现在,我想深入探讨2023年在内容创作者和商业化进展方面的举措与成就。让我们从内容和内容创作者开始。正如我刚才提到的,2023年我们重新审视了用户增长策略,通过高质量内容和繁荣的社区生态系统促进社区有机增长。我们将重点转向提升核心用户活跃度和留存率,同时降低用户获取成本。因此,第四季度平均月活跃用户为9900万,同比微降1.6%。然而,第四季度用户获取成本同比降低超过40%,占推广和广告总支出的比例不到35%。这一转变推动了日活跃用户使用时长的连续增长。此外,第四季度,我们高活跃用户的内容创作贡献率和次月留存率均实现显著同比改善。在内容方面,我们通过深度整合培训主题和用户需求,持续加强推荐技术,进一步优化了内容运营。这一举措结合我们对内容创作者的多样化激励计划,推动了社区高质量内容池的快速增长。截至2023年底,累计内容量增至7.747亿条,其中累计问答数达5.908亿。我们还利用知乎作为中国领先的内容社区的地位,鼓励围绕培训主题展开广泛的专业讨论。例如,2023年,知乎社区内与生成式AI和大语言模型应用相关的累计讨论量超过12亿。来自领先LLM公司的创始人和核心开发者组成的杰出群体参与了知乎讨论,贡献了宝贵见解。科学与工程相关内容是另一亮点,2023年同比增长85.6%。我们的高端计划继续作为内容创作者的重要激励。自2023年5月发布高端5.0以来,我们持续推动专业内容创作,通过蓝标认证等举措激发创造力和生产力。2023年,该计划覆盖130个领域,近20万用户获得认证。此外,我们为内容创作者提供了更广泛的收入渠道。第四季度,在平台上获得收入的内容创作者总数同比增长17.4%。如前所述,2024年的首要任务之一是提升知乎社区的可信度。为此,我们一直在审慎地用AI赋能社区,利用大语言模型更好地连接人类知识、经验和见解,使其更广泛地触达受众。在3月20日最近的发现大会上,我们推出了名为
Wang Han
Thank you, Yolanda. Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining Zhihu's fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings call. I am pleased to deliver today's opening remarks on behalf of Mr. Zhou Yuan, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Zhihu. In '23, we faced a plan of challenges and opportunities. Despite a dynamic macro environment and competitive industry landscape, we achieved substantial progress in commercialization and efficiency both in the fourth quarter and throughout the year. Furthermore, we made considerable strides in improving our bottom line, while actively exploring and investing in AI technology. Our primary focus in '23 was motivating our content creators through a variety of incentive plans. As a result, the cumulative content creators on our platform increased by 13% year-over-year reaching 71.3 million by the end of '23. The cumulative pieces of content grew to 774.7 million up 19.3% year-over-year. Additionally, the average MAUs for the full year increased by 4% year-over-year. Our monetization progress remained robust throughout the year. We achieved a 16.5% year-over-year increase in our full year revenues to RMB4,199 million, with enhanced operating efficiency, our overall gross margin for 2023 improved by more than 4 percentage points year-over-year to 54.7%. Furthermore, our operating loss margin for 2023 significantly narrowed by 19 percentage points and adjusted net loss decreased by 44.9% on a year-over-year basis. During the fourth quarter, our dedication to user growth, resource allocation and operating efficiency improvements began to pay off. As high quality content continue to strive across the community, we proactively refined our user growth strategy and significantly reduced acquisition costs for new users. Our focus shifted towards driving efficient and sustainable organic user growth by elevating engagement and retention rates among our highly active core users. We also continue to fortify our monetization models resilient through diverse growth drivers. Our total revenue for fourth quarter of 2023 reached RMB1.1 billion primarily fueled by the strong growth in our paid membership and vocational training business. Our increasing brand influence and expanded program offerings have strengthened competitiveness extending our revenue growth beyond Zhihu community. Together these two segments achieved a robust revenue growth of 28.3% year-over-year for fourth quarter of 2023. Enhancing cost control effectiveness and operating efficiency remained as our key strategic priorities during the fourth quarter. We continue to invest judiciously in cutting edge technologies such as AI, while optimizing our fixed cost structure. These initiatives resulted in an expanded gross margin of 59.1% for the fourth quarter. We also drove a significant 31.9% year-over-year reduction in adjusted net loss, which reached its narrowest quarterly level since our U.S. IPO. As we move through 2024, we will further optimize our financial performance while elevating trustworthiness within the Zhihu community. We are confident that in area of AI generated content users will increasingly value professional, in-depth and authentic content as well as discussion and feedback from real users. By fostering an environment of trust, we can stimulate user interactions and inspire content creators' passion and creativity ultimately driving organic community growth. Meanwhile, we also believe that a prudent application of AI large language models can improve user experience and strengthen the feedback mechanism for content creators enhancing our community's atmosphere and operating efficiency. Now, I would love to delve into the details of our initiatives and achievements in 2023 across content creators as well as our commercialization progress. Let's start with our content and content creators. As I just mentioned, we revisited our user growth strategy in 2023 to promote organic community growth through high quality content and a thriving community ecosystem. We shifted our focus to boosting our core users' activity and retention rate, but also reducing user acquisition costs. Consequently, our average MAUs in the fourth quarter were 99 million a slight decrease of 1.6% year-over-year. However, we reduced user acquisition costs in fourth quarter by more than 40% year-over-year, accounting for less than 35% of total promotion and advertising expenses. This shift drove sequential increases in our daily active users' time spent. Additionally in fourth quarter, we saw a significant year-over-year improvement in both the content creation contribution rate and next month retention rate for our highly active users. Regarding content, we further refined our current operations by deeply integrating training topics and user demands while continually strengthening recommendation technology. This initiative combined with our diverse incentive plans for content creators propelled rapid growth in our communities high quality content pool. At the end of 2023, the cumulative pieces of content increased to 774.7 million among which the cumulative number of Q&A has reached 590.8 million. We also leveraged Zhihu's position as China's leading content centric community to encourage extensive professional discussions on training topics. For instance in 2023, the cumulative discussion volume related generative AI and large language models under application surpassed 1.2 billion across the Zhihu community. A distinguished group of founders and key developers from leading LLM companies joined the discussion on Zhihu contributing their valuable impact. Science and engineering related content was another standout increasing by 85.6% year-over-year in 2023. Our high-end plan continues to serve as a crucial incentive for content creators. Since the release of high-end 5.0 in May 2023, we have consistently promoted professional content creation driving creativity and productivity through initiatives such as our Blue Label Certification. In 2023, this program covered 130 virtuals with nearly 200,000 users certified. Furthermore, we provided a broader way of avenues for content creators to earn income. During the fourth quarter, the total number of content creators who earned income on our platform increased by 17.4% year-over-year. As I previously mentioned, one of our top priorities for '24 is to enhance the trustworthiness within the Zhihu community. To that end, we have been prudently empowering our community with AI, leveraging large language models to better connect human knowledge, experience and insight and make them more accessible to a broader audience. At our recent discovery conference on March 20, we introduced a new search feature called Discovery leveraging our Zhihu to a large language model. This significant advancement in search scenario allows our users to initiate discussions directly with content creators across the entire Zhihu community with a single question. The content featuring discovery comes from professional content creators within the community. This feature facilitates more efficient knowledge sharing by enhancing search efficiency and a content consumption experience for Zhihu users. We are also providing feedbacks to our content creators. With enhancements like discovery, we aim to strengthen community development and drive the continued emergence of high quality trustworthy content. We firmly believe that a combination of professional in-depth authentic content for culture of sincerity and respect as well as our transparent and efficient information mechanism will further enhance our community's trustworthiness. This in turn will drive user engagement and retention throughout the Zhihu community building the efficient and sustainable organic growth of our user base in the long run. Moving into our multi-engine commercialization, the fourth quarter our total revenue increased by 2.2% year-over-year to RMB1.1 million empowered by our thriving community, paid membership and vocational training maintained their robotics growth. Together they expanded our monetization capability beyond the Zhihu community contributing more than 50% to total revenue for both the fourth quarter and full year 2023. This strong performance underscores the resilience and effectiveness of our business models and diversified revenue growth engine. In terms of revenue growth by sector, vocational training and paid membership revenues led away, increasing by 28.3% to RMB625.2 million. Notably, revenue from vocational training doubled compared to the fourth quarter of last year, as revenue contribution remained at over 10% throughout 2023. While marketing services had yet to fully recover on a yearly basis, it picked up sequentially with quarter-over-quarter growth of 21.5% in the fourth quarter. Particularly display based advertising delivered sequential growth of over 33%. In addition, we saw rapid year-over-year growth in various verticals that requires a longer decision-making process such as IT, 3C and home appliance. This highlights the wider role of Zhihu's professional in-depth and authentic content in consumer decision-making. We continue to streamline and upgrade our CCS business offerings throughout 2023 to drive further marketing efficiency improvements and a lot greater commercial potential in this business segment. The increasingly diverse premium content has contributed to consistent growth in our payment membership business. In first quarter, our paid membership revenue increased by 13.3% year-over-year to RMB455.9 million. In fourth quarter of 2023, average monthly subscribers reached RMB14.2 million representing a 9.2% year-over-year increase. Average revenue per user, ARPU, also improved year-over-year. There were two primary growth drivers. First, the expansion of both our high quality content categories and our target audience, Zhihu's vast and diverse library of premium content encompasses not only knowledge-based content like columns, research papers and e-books, but also short stories that are gaining popularity among users. As of the end of 2023, our content library amassed 4.9 million visits, an increase of 15.7% year-over-year. Additionally, the number of premium content creators who earned income in Zhihu in '23, Q4 surged by 36.8% year-over-year. During our NASA content library, many of our short stories originate from professional discussion in Zhihu Q&A community. Since the launch of Zhihu Yanyan story in May 23, it has emerged as a frontrunner in multibillion-dollar short story market in terms of both content production and consumption. Today, the cumulative number of content creators on exit 600,000 with a cumulative of over 100,000 short stories published. Topical coverage has expanded beyond the platform's original romance of professional and suspense genres to encompass over 180 subcategories. For the common categories popular among female users continue to grow, we're also expanding into categories favored by male users such as science fiction and mystery. Meanwhile, the Zhihu community's financial rewards effectively motivated our premium content creators. Over 100 content creators on Zhihu has earned more than RMB1 million. Also in '23, the average monthly income of spine content creators on Yanyan was close to RMB10,000 nearly doubling the average income on other platforms. Second, media format diversification and IP monetization have continued to bolster our users' long-term value. In the first quarter, we introduced a variety of formats to boost content consumption including audiobooks and video dramas. These initiatives are carefully designed to provide our subscribers with an immersive and fulfilling storytelling experience. By leveraging our expanding media formats and deepening our penetration across the value chain, we're expanding from short story market to a broader IP monetization market. The success of our short-form web posters clearly reflects strong IP development potential within the Yanyan Story platform. Moving forward, we will harness the power of AI and large language model technology to explore and develop integrated content formats further unleashing the value of Zhihu's premium content. This approach will help enhance our subscribers' LTV in the long-term. Our vocational training business continued to grow robustly with fourth quarter revenue surged by 100.1% year-over-year. Looking ahead, we officially announced our development strategy focusing on digital empowerment for our Zhihu brand at our annual Zhihu Education Conference in January 2024. Zhihu is a vocational training platform dedicated to providing comprehensive and practical learning services for new generation professionals throughout their lifelong personal development journey. Currently, an expanded course offerings over three main categories, academic improvements such as postgraduate exams and English proficiency tests, career enhancements such as CFA, accounting and ESG exams, and other vocational skills in interest, such as writing, IT skills and AGI courses. The vocational training sector offers immense opportunities for the one thing digitalization. AI and large language models are poised to revolutionize the industry, leading to efficiency improvements and significant shift in user experience. By leveraging AI, LLM and AI agent applications in vocational training scenarios, we can advance the digitalization of process such as job selection, exam practice and homework correction. Our vocational training business success underscores Zhihu's unique position. We started as a community but we are expanding beyond it. Moreover, this rapid revenue growth will bring us greater scale advantages in terms of cost of dilution and efficiency improvement. We will continue to control and optimize this business cost and expenses to continually boost its overall operating efficiency. In fourth quarter, marketing and services revenue decreased by 18.7% year-over-year but increased by 21.5% quarter-over-quarter. The year-over-year decline can be attributed to the challenging economic environment and heightened market competition, as well as our proactive efforts to prioritize user experience by reducing the distribution of commercial content that may negatively impact our users. However, the cornerstone verticals of our community continue to demonstrate robust growth. This reaffirms our core users' recognition of our professional content's value, particularly in the current environment, emphasizing cost effective and rational consumption. Specifically, the IT, 3C vertical grew by nearly 40% year-over-year in the fourth quarter of '23. This trend is also evident in other consumer verticals involving significant decision-making processes such as home renovation, tasks and order activities, which appeals to our core users. Zhihu's unique content advantages and ongoing product efficiency upgrades empower brand and merchant to gain deep insights into users' evolving mindset, allowing them to influence decision making and purchase behavior. Furthermore, we have established a feedback mechanism for data collaborations with e-commerce platforms like Taobao and JD.com, Leveraging virtualized data to help brands and merchants achieve their business objectives more effectively by boosting ad card rates, store visits and category penetration rates as well as lowering customer acquisition costs. Our market services made substantial progress during the Double 11 period, with average conversion rate from Zhihu to brand online stores reached 6% across our verticals. Moreover, both transaction rates and new customer acquisition rates outperform the industry. As we progress through 2024 and elevate the community's trustworthiness, we will also continue to build out our scientific trust based marketing system across two primary aspects. First, we will continue to upgrade our underlying capabilities to further improve the efficiency of commercial content recommendation. Since the beginning of this year, we have sought to cover major advertising categories with a library of rated and label SKUs so that we can establish a user evolution system empowered by AI. So this will allow more suitable products to be recommended by a broader base of content creators. Second, we will strive to maintain a high level of user experience especially for our highly active users. The user submitted a feedback indicating no interest for a piece of content, the user will no longer seek commercial content for that product. Moving on to our key strategy for 2024, enhancing operating efficiency and accelerating profitability remain our core strategic objectives for sustainable growth. Alongside ongoing efforts to improve our commercialization efficiency, we're committed to optimizing our cost and expenses structure. Efficiency will be a pivotal performance indicator at each BU level. This approach will expedite our journey towards profitability. Meanwhile, we will prioritize initiatives that contribute significantly to the community's long-term growth and sustainability. Additionally, we will deepen our commitment to protecting our core users' engagement and creative contribution, reflecting the growing value we place our trustworthy community culture and professional in-depth and authentic content. Finally, in terms of AI investment, we'll shift our focus to developing application scenarios. We'll prudently integrate AI into our diverse professional and trustworthy community to provide Zhihu users with efficient access to our massive library of trustworthy answers and a lot greater expansion opportunities beyond it. This concludes Mr. Zhou's remarks. Now I will review the details of our fourth quarter financials. For a complete overview of our fourth quarter and full year 2023 results, please see our press release issued earlier today. While we continue to face various challenges, we remain resilient and devoted to our module engine monetization strategy. Our total revenue increased by 2.2% and 16.5% year-over-year for fourth quarter and full year respectively. We are also pleased to deliver measurable progress in refining our cost controls and operating leverage shaping a record high gross margin since our U.S. IPO and a significantly narrowed net loss for the fourth quarter. Our paid membership revenue for the quarter increased 13.3% year-over-year to RMB555.9 million. This growth was primarily driven by continued expansion of our subscribers which increased by 9.2% year-over-year to 14.2 million as a result of content enhancement and user experience improvement. Our occasional training business revenue for fourth quarter surged by 100.1% year-over-year to RMB169.3 million. This impressive growth can be attributed to our ongoing efforts to expand our course offerings. All our courses are specifically designed to meet our users' evolving demand covering areas such as academic improvement, career advancement and other vocational skills and interests. We continue to garner market recognition for our programs and drive sustainable development. The overall macro environment and uncertainties in advertising market pressured our marketing services throughout 2023. In fourth quarter, marketing services revenue declined by 18.7% year-over-year. However, they recovered by 21.5% quarter-over-quarter, driven by our product enhancement and sustained increasing performance in verticals such as IE and 3C and home appliance. Gross profit for the first quarter increased by 7.1% year-over-year to RMB673.1 million, with gross margin expanding to 59.1%, its highest level since our U.S. IPO. Gross margin improvement reflects our enhanced monetization efforts as well as improved efficiency in cloud services and bandwidth utilization. Total operating expenses were RMB851.3 million for the fourth quarter, compared with RMB844.8 million for the same period of 2022. Selling and marketing expenses for the fourth quarter increased to RMB527.6 million from RMB509.2 million for the same period of '22. As we continue to invest in product and service offering promotions with a prudent ROI based approach. Research and development expenses slightly increased to RMB232.6 million for the fourth quarter from RMB212.5 million for the same period of 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to our increased spending on technology innovation. General and administrative expenses for the quarter decreased by 26% to RMB91.1 million from RMB123.1 million in the same period of '22, primarily attributable to a decline in personnel related expenses as we continue to improve operating efficiency. Driven by our ongoing efforts to control costs and enhancing operating efficiency, our GAAP net loss per quarter narrowed significantly year-over-year by 42.6% to RMB103.1 million. Our non-GAAP adjusted net loss, which primarily excludes share based compensation expenses and amortization of intangible assets resulting from business acquisitions narrowed by 31.9% year-over-year to RMB91.3 million for the fourth quarter. Moving forward, as we continue to optimize our cost structure, control our operating expenses and record growth driven by our multi engine monetization model, we expect to further enhance our operating leverage. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents, term deposit and short-term investment on RMB5.5 billion compared with RMB6.3 billion as of December 31, 2022. Also as of December 31, 2023, we had repurchased RMB26.3 million plus A ordinary shares including ADS for a total of $58.5 million on both the New York Stock Exchange and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. This concludes my prepared remarks on our financial performance for this quarter. Let's turn the call over to the operator for Q&A session.
Operator
[操作员说明] 第一个问题来自花旗银行的Vicky Wei。
Operator
[Operator Instructions] The first question is from Vicky Wei with Citi.
Vicky Wei
管理层能否分享一些关于知乎2024年关键战略重点的信息?
Vicky Wei
Will management share some color about the key strategic focus of Zhihu for 2024?
Zhou Yuan
我是知乎CEO周源。展望2024年,我们的关键战略重点将是尽快实现盈利。为实现这一目标,我们将优化成本和费用结构,将效率作为我们计费运营和每个业务单元的关键目标。其次,我们的重点将是保护知乎核心用户的专业和深度消费体验。我们将专注于提升高质量可信内容的留存率和声誉,并增强个人之间真诚友好的沟通氛围。最后但同样重要的是,我们将继续专注于将AI应用转向不同的实际应用场景,我们将继续增强搜索功能的便利性和效率,并建立一个连接这些功能设计与建立的反馈系统。总而言之,在未来一年,我们将专注于我们的关键目标:我们始于社区,但正在超越它。展望未来,围绕我们的多引擎增长,我们将努力缩小一些仍在发展中的业务的亏损,并在未来实现整体盈利。
Zhou Yuan
This is Zhou Yuan, CEO of Zhihu. Moving forward to 2024, our key strategic focus will be on achieving profitability as soon as possible. To achieve this, we will optimize cost and expense structures to prioritize efficiency as the pivotal goal across our billing operations and for each business unit. And secondly, our key focus will be to protect the professional and in-depth consumption experience for Zhihu's core users. We will focus on to enhance the retention and reputation for our high-quality and trustworthy content and to enhance a sincere and friendly atmosphere for communication between individuals. Last but not least, we will continue to focus to shift our focus on AI application to different real application scenarios, we will continue to enhance the search function, the convenience and the efficiency of our search function, and also our -- to establish a feedback system that connects the designing and the establishing of these functions with the feedback system. To summarize, in the next year, we will focus on our key objective that we started from a community but we are expanding beyond it. And moving forward, around our multi-engine growth, we will try to narrow the losses for some of our business that is still emerging and to achieve the overall profitability in the future.
Operator
下一个问题来自中金公司的张雪晴。
Operator
The next question is from Xueqing Zhang from CICC.
Xueqing Zhang
公司刚刚提到2024年的优先目标是实现盈利。那么我们的盈亏平衡时间表是怎样的?管理层能否详细阐述实现这一目标的路径?
Xueqing Zhang
The company just mentioned that the priority goal in 2024 is to achieve profitability. So what's our timetable for breakeven? And could management elaborate a bit more on the path to achieve it?
Wang Han
我是知乎CFO王晗。首先,我们的目标是在今年第四季度实现非GAAP净利润层面的季度盈亏平衡。众所周知,知乎在过去14年已成长为广为人知的品牌,我相信本次电话会议上的许多人,像我一样,都是自发打开手机上的知乎应用,而不是通过任何推广链接引导。在我加入这家公司之前,我相信知乎拥有大量真实且忠诚的用户基础。加入公司后,我已通过数据再次确认了这一事实。2023年的大部分活跃用户都是自2022年以来一直使用知乎的用户,这一数字甚至比我之前预期的还要大。此外,作为一个用户生成内容社区,知乎的运营成本相比其他公司的商业模式要轻得多。我们的毛利率已连续五个季度保持在50%以上,去年第四季度达到59.1%。显然,知乎的核心用户将贡献显著的高利润。换句话说,只要我们主动且审慎地降低投资回报率较低的品牌推广费用,优先考虑用户质量而非数量,我们相信知乎能够继续收窄亏损并朝着盈利方向前进。同时,在商业化模式方面,知乎已发展出自身的方法,通过利用社区优势突破用户规模的限制。我们的盐言故事和知学堂品牌在这方面已展现出巨大潜力。我们也期待我们AI赋能的搜索发现功能具有类似潜力,基于我们高质量、长文本和图文问答构建的实时转化互动能够释放更大的用户和商业潜力。总而言之,知乎将逐步探索一条不同于其他社交媒体平台的可扩展盈利路径。
Wang Han
This is Wang Han, CFO of Zhihu. To first start, we aim to achieve breakeven quarterly breakeven on the non-GAAP net profit level in the fourth quarter this year. As we all know that Zhihu has grown into a widely known name over the past 14 years, I believe many of you on this call, like myself, have been spontaneously opening the Zhihu app on our phone rather than being directed through any promotional link. Before I joined this company, I believe that Zhihu possesses a large base of genuine and loyal users. After I joined the company, I have reconfirmed this fact with numbers. The majority of active users in 2023 are those who have been with Zhihu since 2022, which is even larger than I previously expected. Additionally, as a user-generated content community, Zhihu has much lighter operating costs compared to other business models of other companies. Our growth margin has maintained at over 50% for five consecutive quarters, reaching 59.1% in the fourth quarter last year. It is obvious that Zhihu's core users will contribute notably high profits. In other words, as long as we proactively and prudently reduce brand promotion expenses with lower ROI, prioritize user quality over quantity, we believe that Zhihu can continue to narrow losses and progress towards profitability. Meanwhile, in terms of our commercialization model, Zhihu has developed its own approach which breaks through the limits of users scale by leveraging the community's advantages. Our Yanyan Story and ZhiXueTang brand has shown us great potentials in this regard. We also expect similar potentials with our AI-empowered search discovery function, the real-time conversion-based interaction built on top of our high-quality, long-form text and graphic Q&A can unlock greater user and commercial potentials. So to summarize, Zhihu will gradually explore a path to scalable profitability that differs from other social media platforms.
Operator
下一个问题来自海通国际的Daisy Chen。
Operator
The next question is from Daisy Chen with Haitong International.
Daisy Chen
首先,祝贺知乎效率提升战略可能取得的成就。我看到第四季度亏损也收窄至2021年以来的个位数水平。但我的问题是关于会员业务。我注意到最近两个季度月度付费用户的增长率似乎有所放缓,但本季度MPO数量和付费率仍保持在约1400万和40%左右。请问管理层如何看待付费用户的留存情况?管理层将如何影响会员业务在未来一两个季度——两年内的增长率?相应的驱动因素是什么?
Daisy Chen
First of all, congratulations on the probable achievement of Zhihu's efficiency improvement strategy. I saw that the Q4 also narrowed to single-digit level since 2021. But my question is about the membership business. I noted that the growth rate of the monthly paid users seems to decelerate in recent two quarters, but the number of the MPOs and the pay ratios remained about 14 million and 40% this quarter. Can I ask about how the management considers about the savings of the paid users? And how does you -- how does management affect the growth rate of the membership at least in the next one or two quarters – two years? And what are the corresponding drivers?
Wang Han
我是知乎CFO王晗。我理解您的问题可能涉及三个潜在的子问题。首先,知乎付费会员占MAU的比例是否已经相对较高。其次是短篇故事板块的潜在增长天花板。第三是在线文学领域的竞争格局。首先,付费会员的传统逻辑是基于从整个用户群中转化一部分用户的概念。销售基础将是用户总数。然而,知乎开创了付费会员增长的新轨迹。知乎的优质内容可以吸引社区外的用户在知乎社区内订阅。这不仅消除了应用内用户基数带来的销售限制,还为社区带来了额外的用户。此外,这些用户对非故事内容的消费实际上超过了故事内容,推动了整体内容消费的增长。其次,关于竞争格局,知乎是整个互联网上生产和消费短篇故事的最大平台。它是许多短篇故事内容创作者提交作品的首选平台。知乎领先的市场地位可归因于两个因素:社区的支持和我们独特的价值主张。知乎的内容创作者可以在问答讨论中找到灵感、参与话题讨论、发展情节,从而自然地创作出创新、高质量、高产量的内容。这种生态系统获取的价值是不可替代的。此外,市场上大多数在线文学应用通过广告模式运营,专注于最大化用户使用时长,通常导致内容冗长、节奏缓慢、信息密度低。但相比之下,知乎通过订阅模式运营,优先提供用户愿意付费的高质量内容。这种独特的价值主张确立了知乎在市场上独特的内容特征和价值定位。在增长天花板方面,短篇故事板块是一个新兴领域,知乎作为先驱参与建立了这一领域。我们一直在积极拓展并努力扩大其销售基础。目前,我们的优质内容主要包括文本和图文格式。然而,音频和视觉内容(如广播剧、有声书和短剧)拥有更大的受众基础和更大的商业潜力。短篇故事实际上与短剧有一些相似之处,而非长篇叙事。知乎故事以其简洁、引人入胜的情节、快速创作和现实相关性而闻名。这些是制作爆款短剧的基本要素。我们已经制作了这些内容。我们最近宣布了与快手在短剧领域的合作。大量高质量的短篇故事IP对知乎将越来越有价值。一些改编自知乎IP的短剧已经取得了显著的市场表现,我们预计未来会有更多成功。此外,我们IP版权收入目前仅占总收入的一小部分。随着市场越来越认识到我们盐言IP的价值,影视版权收入的份额将逐渐增加。
Wang Han
This is Wang Han, CFO of Zhihu. I understand your question may involve three underlying sub-questions. Firstly, whether the percentage of paying members to Zhihu's MAU has already become relatively high. And secondly is the potential growth ceiling of the short story sector. And thirdly would be the competitive landscape within the online literature sector. So firstly, the traditional logic of paying members is based on the concept of converting a subset of users from the entire user base. The selling would be the total number of users. However, Zhihu has pioneered a new growth trajectory for paying member growth. Zhihu's premium content can attract users beyond the community to subscribe within the Zhihu community. This not only eliminates the gross selling imposed by user base within the app but also brings in additional users to the community. In addition, these users' consumption of non-story contents actually surpassed that of the story content, driving the overall content consumption growth. Secondly, regarding the competitive landscape, Zhihu is the largest platform to both produce and consume short stories across the entire internet. It is the preferred platform for many short story content creators to submit their work. Zhihu's leading market position can be attributed to two factors, the support from the community and our distinctive value proposition. Content creators of Zhihu can find inspiration, engage in topic discussion, and develop plots in the course of Q&A discussion to naturally create innovative high-quality and high-volume contents. This value of acquisition of ecosystem is irreplaceable. Additionally, most of the online literature apps available in the market operates through an advertising model focusing on maximizing users' time spent, often resulting in lengthy, slow-paced and low information density. But in contrast, Zhihu operates through a subscription model which prioritizes the delivery of high-quality content that users are willing to pay for. This unique value proposition has established Zhihu's distinct content characteristics and value position in the market. In terms of growth ceiling, the short story segment represents an emerging sector where Zhihu has taken part in establishing it as a pioneer. We have been actively expanding and striving to expand its selling. Currently, our premium content primarily consists of text and graphics-based formats. However, there is a larger audience base and greater commercial potential in audio and visual contents such as radio play, audio books and short drama. Short stories actually share some similarities with short dramas than longer narratives. Zhihu stories are known for its brevity, engaging plot, rapid creation and real-world relevance. There are -- these are essential elements to produce blockbuster short dramas. We already produced them. We recently announced a partnership with Kuaishou in the area of short drama. A great array of high-quality short story IPs will be increasingly valuable for Zhihu. Some of the short drama adapted from Zhihu IPs have already achieved remarkable market performance and we anticipate more success in the future. Additionally, revenue from our IP copyrights currently only represents a small percentage of our total revenue. As the market increasingly recognizes the value of our Yanyan's IP, revenue share from film and television copyrights will gradually increase.
Yolanda Liu
接线员,请继续下一个问题。
Yolanda Liu
Operator, we can continue with the next question, please.
Operator
下一个问题来自华兴资本的Eileen Lin。
Operator
The next question is from Eileen Lin with China Renaissance.
Eileen Lin
我有一个关于教育业务的问题。管理层能否分享更多关于知乎教育业务发展的信息,比如学生导向或战略重点?以及AI如何与教育业务相结合?
Eileen Lin
I have a question related to education. Can management share more color on Zhihu's education development, such as student-based or strategic focus? And how AI can be integrated into the education business?
Zhou Yuan
我是知乎CEO周源。众所周知,我们的职业教育业务在最近几个季度增长迅速,并且实现了自营职业教育业务与收购的职业教育业务之间的协同效应。首先,我们的自营业务与社区联系更紧密,利润更高,能够快速响应用户需求的演变,而我们收购的业务板块则提供更大的需求确定性和更广阔的可触达市场。我们的社区持续赋能职业教育业务。首先,我们能够发现用户的具体需求、演变中的需求,并且相比其他行业参与者,在课程提供方面获得更大的确定性。例如,我们的一些核心课程,如写作课程、多媒体培训课程、通用人工智能课程,实际上源于社区内的问答讨论,并满足了用户不断变化的需求。未来,我们将继续利用自身优势扩大课程供给,特别是超越演变中的需求,同时拓展确定性更高的课程需求。除了社区赋能外,社区内的用户和内容创作者不仅能够启发和支持新课程的研发,还能赋能多个现有的精品课程。我们的劳动生产率保持在行业前列,随着课程供给的成熟,规模经济效应将持续增强。展望未来,我们可以进一步培养社区内的内容创作者成为我们的教师,帮助所有内容创作者实现他们的财务目标。我们课程内容的用户来到知乎是为了提升自我,他们同时也是我们职业教育业务的用户。我们的职业教育业务实际上正在超越社区边界。用户不仅会产生口碑效应,还会基于他们的学习经验生成高质量的商业内容,吸引新学员。这极大地改善了我们的收购业务,也提高了转化率,并在各自细分市场中持续保持动态最优的客户获取投资回报率。除此之外,我们的知乎学堂品牌实际上形成了一个闭环生态系统,能够反过来赋能我们的自营业务。我们相信,随着职业教育业务收入的增长,我们的支出和成本将进一步被稀释,商业化效率将进一步提升。我们也相信AI技术将极大地提升我们的效率并革新用户体验。我们将从用户的核心需求出发,推动AI大语言模型的应用,赋能不同场景下的教育全过程。我们相信,在未来一到两年内,我们的目标是扩大AI大语言模型在职业教育业务全流程中的应用。
Zhou Yuan
This is Zhou Yuan, CEO of Zhihu. As we all know that our vocational training business has been growing rapidly in the recent quarters and it has achieved synergies between our self-operated vocational training business and our acquired vocational training business. So firstly, our self-operated business is closer tied to our community yielding higher profits and will swiftly responding to evolving user demands, while our acquired business segments offers greater demand certainty and larger addressable market. Our community has continually empowered our vocational training business. Firstly, we'll be able to discover the specific demands, the evolving demands of our users, and with -- and achieve greater certainty in terms of our course offerings compared to other industry players. For example, some of our cornerstone course offerings, for example, the writing courses, the multimedia training courses, the artificial general intelligence courses, they actually stemmed from the Q&A discussions within the community and catered to the evolving demands of our users. In the future, we will continue to leverage our advantages to expand our course offerings, especially to expand beyond the evolving needs and also the greater needs with -- the demands with greater certainty for our course. The beyond our community empowerment, the users and content creators within the community can not only inspire and support the research and development of our new course offerings, but also empower multiple existing premium courses. Our labor productivity stays at the top rank in the industry, and as our course offerings become mature, the scale of the economies will continue to strengthen. And moving forward, we can further cultivate our content creators in our community to become our teachers, helping all content creators to achieve their financial goals. So our users of our content course offerings, they are comes to Zhihu with the aim to improve themselves and they also serve as the users for our vocational training business. Our vocational training is actually expanding beyond our community now. The users will not only generate word of mouth effects, but also generate high-quality commercial content based on their learning experience, attracting new students. This greatly improved our acquired business also improved the conversion rate and our -- to continue to maintain a dynamically optimal customer acquisition ROI in their respective segments. So beyond that, our ZhiXueTang brand actually formed a closed-loop ecosystem that can empower our self-operated business in return. We believe that the expenses and costs with our expenditure will be further diluted with the growth of our revenue from the vocational training business and our commercialization efficiency will be further elevated. We believe that also AI technology will highly enhance our efficiency and revolutionize our user experiences. We will start from the core needs of our users and promote the application of AI large language model to empower the full process of our education in different scenarios. We believe that in the next one year or two years, we aim to expand the application of AI large-language model across the full process of our vocational training business.
Operator
下一个问题来自高盛集团的[陆庆祖]。
Operator
The next question is from [Lu Qingzu ] with Goldman Sachs.
Unidentified Analyst
我代表Lincoln Kong提问关于广告业务的问题。管理层能否进一步阐述广告业务,包括战略重点以及2024年在线营销服务的展望?
Unidentified Analyst
I'm asking about advertising business on behalf of Lincoln Kong. Can management shed more light on advertising business including strategic priority and outlook for online marketing services for 2024?
Wang Han
我是知乎首席财务官王晗。2023年第四季度,除了外部和宏观因素外,同比复苏延迟的主要原因是我们在主动加强商业内容治理。为了培养知乎社区内的可信度,我们选择逐步淘汰一些短期低质量的业务收入。然而,与此同时,我们在各项业务中都取得了显著进展。首先,我们核心垂直领域高质量用户的留存率、每用户平均收入和内容消费量都在稳步增长。其次,知乎用户的消费能力和高质量特性在行业内得到了进一步认可。根据第三方调查,72%的知乎用户愿意为优质产品支付更高价格。此外,多达86%的知乎用户在去年在京东进行了重复回购,目标群体指数(TGI)达到了令人印象深刻的502,显著优于行业杠杆。此外,我们正在优化我们的闭环数据生态系统。我们通过
Wang Han
This is Wang Han, CFO of Zhihu. In the fourth quarter of 2023, In addition to the external and macro factors, the main reason for the delayed year-over-year recovery is that we have proactively enhanced the commercial content governance. In order to foster the trustworthiness within the Zhihu community, we chose to phase out some near-term low-quality business income. However, at the same time, we have made remarkable strides across our businesses. To start with, the retention rate, average revenue per user and content consumption volume of high-quality users across our core verticals have all been steadily increasing. Secondly, the consumption power and high-quality of Zhihu users have been further recognized in the industry. According to third-party surveys, 72% Zhihu users are willing to pay a higher price for quality products. In addition, as much as 86% of Zhihu users have made repeat repurchases on JD.com during the past year, with a target group index, namely TGI, reaching an impressive 502 significantly outperforming the industry leverage. In addition, we are optimizing our closed-loop data ecosystem. We have strengthened our data partnership with e-commerce platforms such as Taobao and JD.com through initiatives such as Xinji Plan and [Qingji Plan]. By providing visualized data, we assist brands and merchants to better validate the value and ROI of their promotional efforts to drive further increase in marketing services order placement. In 2024, we expect to remain in a period of product upgrading and adjustment for our marketing services business. We will continue to explore business models that can foster stronger trustworthiness while optimizing our data infrastructure.
Operator
下一个问题来自里昂证券的Cici Cheng。
Operator
The next question is from Cici Cheng with CLSA.
Cici Cheng
管理层能否分享一些关于2024年用户增长目标的看法?以及我们如何建模长期自我扩大的成本比率?
Cici Cheng
Can management share some color on user growth target for 2024? And how can we model the long-term self-enlarging cost ratio?
Wang Han
我是知乎CFO王晗。今年我们主动调整了用户增长策略。我们不再单纯追求更大规模的月活跃用户数,而是专注于提升核心用户的留存率,并进一步加强社区内的可信度,最终建立知乎独特的商业化模式。值得一提的是,虽然我们的销售和营销费用占收入比例看起来较高,但我们应用的直接用户获取成本仅占总推广成本的一半——不到总推广费用的一半。2023年第四季度用户获取成本的绝对金额同比仅增长40%,而我们的月活跃用户数仅出现小幅下降。这证明了知乎核心用户的忠诚度。知乎拥有一批质量最高、价值最大的用户群体。我们相信服务好他们将带来丰厚的商业回报。我们不需要像其他大众社交娱乐平台那样不惜一切代价追求用户增长。我们应该走自己的路。随着我们进入AI生成内容的时代,真实可信的人工生成内容将在互联网上变得越来越稀缺。知乎是生成和分享真实、高质量内容的地方,在市场上拥有独特的价值主张。AI技术将使我们能够开辟一条不同于传统时长框架的新路径,探索更具潜力的新商业模式。知乎形成的方式实际上正是AI技术时代市场所需求的地方。
Wang Han
This is Wang Han, CFO of Zhihu. This year, we took a proactive approach to adjust our user growth strategy. Instead of simply pursuing a larger-scale MAU, we will be focused on improving our core users' retention rate and further enhancing the trustworthiness within our community, ultimately, we will establish a commercialization model that is unique to Zhihu. It is worth mentioning that although our sales and marketing expenses as a portion of revenue may seem significant, the direct user acquisition costs for our app were only half of the total promotional costs -- less than half of the total promotional expenses. The absolute amount of customer acquisition costs in the fourth quarter of 2023 increased by only 40% year-over-year, while our MAU only experienced a slight decline. That demonstrates the loyalty of Zhihu's core users. Zhihu has a group of users with the highest quality and greatest value. We believe that serving them well will yield substantial commercial rewards. We do not need to follow the other mass market social entertainment platforms to pursue user growth at any cost. We should follow our own path. As we approach an era of AI generated content, authentic and trustworthy human generated content will become increasingly scarce across the internet. Zhihu represents the place to generate and share genuine, high-quality content, possessing a unique value proposition in the market. AI technology will enable us to blaze a trail that is different from traditional time spent framework and explore new business models with greater potential. The way that Zhihu forms is actually the place that is demanded by the market in the age of AI technology.
Operator
谢谢。今天的问答环节到此结束。现在我将会议交还给Yolanda进行任何补充或结束语。
Operator
Thank you. That concludes today's Q&A session. At this time, I will turn the conference back to Yolanda for any additional or closing remarks.
Yolanda Liu
谢谢主持人。再次感谢大家今天参加我们的会议。如果您有任何进一步的问题,请直接联系我们的投资者关系团队或PSN Financial Communications。谢谢。
Yolanda Liu
Thank you, operator. Thank all of you once again for joining us today. If you have any further questions, please contact our IR team directly or PSN Financial Communications. Thank you.